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Ayurveda is a 5000-year-old system of healing originating in India. It combines the aspects of the mind, spirit, and body for holistic wellness. It is further based on five elements earth, water, fire, air, and space forming a dosha system consisting of three energies (Kapha, Vata, and Pitta) that govern your physical self. Due to the increased demand for Ayurvedic products, the number of Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturers has grown rapidly. Such transformations are headed by companies like Ambico Ayurveda Health Care that offer quality, well-researched products for sustainable health. Read more: https://www.ambicoayurvedic.com/blogs/news/ayurvedic-medicine-manufacturers-growing-rapidly Mail: info@ambicoayurvedichealthcare.com Contact: +91-9136416898

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A pharmaceutical medicine exporter is a business that sells medications to other countries. These exporters handle pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and healthcare products. They play a crucial role in global trade, ensuring that medicines reach markets that need them. If you're searching for a reliable Pharmaceutical Medicine Exporter in India, choose Primus Pharmaceuticals. We offer a wide range of high-quality medicines. Our products meet strict industry standards, ensuring safety and effectiveness. Primus has a strong reputation in the market and a commitment to timely delivery. We understand international regulations, making the export process smooth. Partnering with us means access to a trusted supply chain. Choose Primus Pharmaceuticals for your pharmaceutical needs and ensure quality for your customers. Visit Us: https://www.primuspharmaceutical.com/pharmaceutical-medicine-exporter-in-india/ Call: +91-8708414850 Mail: info@primuspharmaceutical.com

To export medicines from India, start by getting a valid Importer Exporter Code (IEC) from the Director General of Foreign Trade. Then, make sure the medicines meet all quality and safety standards set by both Indian and international regulations. Obtain necessary licenses and certifications, such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and a Drug License. Primus Pharmaceuticals is a leading pharmaceutical medicine exporter in India, specializing in a wide range of high-quality medicines. The company focuses on delivering affordable medicines worldwide, meeting strict regulatory standards. With a strong commitment to quality and innovation, Primus Pharmaceuticals builds partnerships with healthcare providers to ensure patients access essential treatments. Our efficient supply chain and skilled workforce help them maintain a strong presence in global markets, making healthcare more accessible. Visit Us: https://www.primuspharmaceutical.com/how-to-export-medicines-from-india/ Call: +91-8708414850 Mail: info@primuspharmaceutical.com

A PCD Pharma Company, or Propaganda Cum Distribution Pharma Company, focuses on marketing and distributing pharmaceutical products. These companies partner with manufacturers to sell medicines, usually under their own brand name. Partnering with Primus Pharmaceuticals, the best general medicine PCD pharma company in India, offers clear advantages for your business. We provide a wide range of quality products, ensuring you meet your customers' needs effectively. With strong support in marketing and distribution, you can grow your brand without extra stress. Our commitment to quality and compliance means you can trust the medicines you sell, boosting your reputation in the market. Joining hands with Primus Pharmaceuticals can help you achieve your business goals while serving your community better. Visit Us: https://www.primuspharmaceutical.com/why-partnering-with-pcd-pharma-company/ Call: +91-8708414850 Mail: queries@primuspharmaceutical.com

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We are one of New York City's premier Pain Management & Pain Treatment Centers. Our pain doctors are among the best pain relief physicians in the USA, part of the Olympic Games medical team, and experts in the latest pain treatments for knee pain, neck pain, back pain, etc. Our knee pain doctors offer the newest pain relief treatment for back of knee pain. Are you looking for a back pain doctor near you? If you have upper or lower back pain, neck pain, or shoulder pain, our trusted pain specialists, board-certified physicians offer the latest non-invasive pain treatments. Visit our new pain control & sports injury clinic in the Bronx to meet the best pain management doctors who provide effective pain treatments and quality pain care. Pain Management NYC 1976 Crotona Parkway, Suite 3A Bronx, NY 10461 (718) 998-0504 EN URL: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/ ES URL: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/es/ Bronx, NY Office: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/bronx-pain-management Our location on the map: https://goo.gl/maps/BNqNkqarLpmeaRAL6 https://plus.codes/87G8R4V8+52 Bronx Nearby Locations: Bronx, NY Eastchester | Williamsbridge | Baychester | Pelham Gardens | Allerton | Morris Park | Parkchester | Unionport | Soundview 10709 | 10466 | 10467 | 10469 | 10461 | 10462 | 10460 | 10472 | 10473 Working Hours: Monday: 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM Tuesday: 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM Wednesday: 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM Thursday: 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM Friday: 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM Saturday, Sunday: Closed Payment: cash, check, credit cards.

Astoria pain management doctors Dr. Demetrios, Dr. Reyfman, and Dr. Kosharskyy of Pain Management NYC are best in class, top Queens, NY pain specialists. Our pain control clinic provides comprehensive pain care in Astoria, Queens. Our physicians are among the best pain relief doctors in the USA, part of 2016 Olympic Games medical team. As the best pain management doctors, pain specialists offer effective pain treatments available in the USA. Working Hours: Monday: 8:00 AM — 6:00 PM Tuesday: 8:00 AM — 6:00 PM Wednesday: 8:00 AM — 6:00 PM Thursday: 8:00 AM — 6:00 PM Friday: 8:00 AM — 6:00 PM Saturday, Sunday: Closed Payment: cash, check, credit cards. Pain Management NYC 23–25 31 Street, Ste 400 Astoria, NY 11105 (718) 998–9880 EN URL: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/ ES URL: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/es/ Astoria, Queens Office: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/astoria-pain-management e-mail: info@painmanagementnyc.com Our location on the map: https://g.page/pain-management-nyc-pain-doctors?share https://plus.codes/87G8Q3FP+CP Astoria Nearby Locations: Astoria, Queens Greenpoint | Jackson Heights | Dutch Kills | Maspeth | Woodside | Elmhurst | Sunnyside | Corona 11222 | 11372 | 11101 | 11378 | 11377 | 11373 | 11104 | 11368

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Nephrology is a specialty that offers nonsurgical interventions for kidney problems. Your nephrologist in Brooklyn is part of a larger practice that provides complete care for you and your family. While nephrology doctors provide nonsurgical treatments, your nephrology doctor can refer you to a doctor for surgery when it comes to weighing a nephrologist vs. urologist. Nephrology is a medical specialty focused on the study of kidney function and diseases. A nephrology doctor, or nephrologist, diagnoses, treats and manages kidney problems, including kidney stones, renal failure and advanced disorders like cancer. A nephrologist in Brooklyn could save your life someday. Come see our primary care physician to get evaluated and referred to a nephrologist if necessary. Since hypertension and obesity contribute significantly to kidney diseases, specialized kidney-friendly diets are becoming more popular. Nephrologist doctors who stay current about managing renal disorders turn to diet as a natural remedy. Ask your doctor how changing your diet can help strengthen your kidneys. Read more: https://www.centurymedicaldental.com/specialties/nephrologist/ Google Maps: https://maps.app.goo.gl/UPhkM8jwW89tjSic9 https://plus.codes/87G8R337+JV New York Nearby Locations: Harlem, Upper Manhattan, Manhattan Valley, Upper West Side, Upper East Side, Yorkville, Randalls Island, Port Morris, Mott Haven, South Bronx 10025, 10026, 10027, 10028, 10035, 10451, 10454, 10455 Century Medical & Dental Center 2315 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10035 (212) 540-5020 https://www.centurymedicaldental.com/ https://www.centurymedicaldental.com/harlem-upper-manhattan-10035/ e-mail: kaitlyns@centurymedicaldental.com Working Hours: Monday: 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Tuesday: 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Wednesday: 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Thursday: 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Friday: 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Saturday: Closed Sunday: 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Payment: cash, check, credit cards.

Pain specialist in NYC, Dr. Boleslav Kosharskyy, MD is one of the top pain management doctors in New York. This pain relief specialist and injury doctor is board certified in Anesthesiology, Interventional Pain Medicine and Palliative Care. Ivy League trained and nationally recognized pain management specialist, Dr. Kosharskyy has been recognized by Castle Connolly as Top Doctors. As a leading NYC Pain management doctor Kosharskyy specializes in interventional, minimally invasive treatments and relishes working within the multidisciplinary approach employed at Pain Management NYC clinic. This full-service pain care center is equipped with the most advanced diagnostic equipment available in the USA. Since 2003, the best pain relief doctor, Dr. Kosharskyy has helped people out of pain, whether they had physical or neuropathic conditions. If you're in pain, get the best pain management care in NYC from Dr. Kosharskyy. A top rated pain specialist who will eliminate your pain so you can resume enjoying your life again. Pain Management NYC 1976 Crotona Parkway, Suite 3A Bronx, NY 10461 (718) 998-0504 EN URL: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/ ES URL: https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/es/ https://www.painmanagementnyc.com/bronx-pain-management info@painmanagementnyc.com Working Hours : Monday: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM Tuesday: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM Wednesday: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM Thursday: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM Friday: 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM Saturday, Sunday: Closed Payment: cash, check, credit cards. Location on the map: https://maps.app.goo.gl/pyZysxadkxGRD23BA https://plus.codes/87G8R4V8+52+Bronx Nearby Locations: Eastchester | Williamsbridge | Baychester | Pelham Gardens | Allerton | Morris Park | Parkchester | Unionport | Soundview 10709 | 10466 | 10467 | 10469 | 10461 | 10462 | 10460 | 10472 | 10473

With a pandemic raging, I hear a lot about testing. One problem is we don't have an adequate supply of test kits to screen for Covid-19. But another problem would arise even if we had enough kits to test everyone. To explain, I'll describe an example presented in Chance in Biology: Using Probability to Explore Nature, by Mark Denny and Steven Gaines. Their analysis was based on testing for HIV, but I'll recast the story in terms of the coronavirus. Suppose we have an accurate test for Covid-19. No test is perfect, so let's assume it's correct 99.5% of the time. In other words, its error rate is 0.5% (one error for every two hundred tests). Assume this error rate is the same for false positives and false negatives. Furthermore, assume Covid-19 is not prevalent, infecting only 0.1% of the population. I doubt this is a good assumption right now, when the virus seems to be infecting everyone, but I can imagine a time not too far in the future (a few weeks maybe, a few months probably) when the fraction of people having the virus is small. In a population of a million people, 1000 would have Covid-19 and 999,000 would not. First, consider what happens when you test the thousand that are infected. The test would come back positive for Covid-19 in 99.5% of the cases, so it would produce 995 true positives. The test would be in error and give a negative result 0.5% of the time, giving 5 false negatives (the test would say you don't have the disease when in fact you do). Next, consider the results from testing the 999,000 people who are not infected. Again, the test accuracy is 99.5%, so you would get a negative result (true negatives) for 994,005 people (0.995 times 999,000). You'd make a mistake 0.5% of the time, so you get false positives in 4995 cases (the test would say you have the disease when in fact you don't). Let's summarize: True Positives 995 False Positives 4,995 True Negatives 994,005 False Negatives 5 Now, suppose Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer (I'm a big fan of the governor) decides that—to prevent the virus from flaring up again—everyone will be tested; anyone who tests positive for Covid-19 must be quarantined, and anyone who tests negative is free to go wherever they please (restaurants, sporting events, movies... oh how I miss them!). Out of a million people, 5990 will test positive (995 + 4995). Of those, 4995 are mistakes (false positives). In other words, 83% of the people who are forced into quarantine are false positives; they don't have the disease, but the blasted test said they do and they must suffer for it. Only 17% of the quarantined people are infected. Is this acceptable? Maybe. We might decide as a state that it's worth it; we insist on quarantines, even if five out of six people forced into isolation are actually healthy. The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few. Or, we might decide this is too high a price to pay; people are innocent until proven guilty, so to speak. This decision is not simple. Whitmer will have people mad at her regardless of what she does. But we must decide based on the facts. If the incidence of Covid-19 is 0.1%, and the accuracy of the test is 99.5%, then five out of six quarantined people will be false positives. That's how the math works. Denny and Gaines summarize it this way: “Although individual tests have a low chance of error, most individuals who are tested are not infected with [Covid-19]. Therefore, we are multiplying a small probability of false positives by a large number of uninfected individuals. Even a minute probability of false positives for individual tests can in this circumstance produce many more false positives than true positives. As long as the disease is rare, even a very accurate test of infection will not be able to accurately identify infected individuals in a random test.” I don't know the prevalence of Covid-19 or the accuracy of Covid-19 tests. The numbers for the coronavirus may be different than what I used in this example. My point is that even an accurate test can produce many false positives for a rare disease. That's an important insight, whether or not the numbers are accurate for our current plague. Chance in Biology is full of examples like this one. It's a good book (although I like Denny's Air and Water better). It's a useful supplement to Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology, providing all the probability you need to understand biological physics. Originally published on April 13, 2020 at https://hobbieroth.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-problem-with-testing.html