Reduction mammoplasty is a surgical procedure that reduces large breasts by removing adipose, glandular, and skin tissue. It requires general anesthesia and an incision with varying scars. The surgeon then reshapes the area occupied by the nipples and areola. Breast reduction surgery is typically reserved for women, but can be performed on men too. Breast size is influenced by genetic factors, circulating sex hormones, body weight, and build. When is breast reduction needed? Breast reduction surgery is primarily for aesthetic purposes. Still, it can also be used to address the negative effects of large breasts, such as chronic pain in the back, neck, and shoulders, skin irritations, deep dips on the shoulders due to bra straps, low self-esteem, difficulty in finding suitable clothes, difficulty sleeping, and inability to perform physical activities due to the bulk of the breasts. The best time for breast reduction surgery is between the end of development and the desired pregnancies, as pregnant women may experience an increase in breast size, making the surgery partially useless. Breast reduction surgery can also be performed on men with gynecomastia, an abnormal development of the male breast, which can be related to genetic, hormonal, or pharmacological reasons and often has serious consequences. Some health insurance plans may cover breast reduction surgery if it is deemed medically necessary. Coverage works under insurance by requiring medical necessity, insurance requirements, pre-authorization process, in-network providers, out-of-pocket costs, and an appeals process. Common medical reasons for breast reduction covered by insurance (https://normanrowemd.com/procedures/breast/breast-reduction/) include chronic neck, back, and shoulder pain, skin irritation, shoulder grooves, postural problems, and difficulty engaging in physical activities due to breast size. How to prepare for breast reduction? Before breast reduction surgery, the physician conducts a thorough assessment of the patient's health and clinical history. They analyze the breast, prescribe laboratory tests, and observe the patient's last mammogram. If the patient's profile is positive, the surgeon can proceed with more specific aspects. The patient is asked about their expectations and desired breast size, with the surgeon deciding how to intervene. The surgeon explains the risks, benefits, hospitalization procedures, and implications of the surgery, including anesthesia requirements, pre-and post-operative limitations, and medications to avoid. The patient is also informed of the obligation to be accompanied home by a relative or friend after the surgery for safety reasons. The surgeon's decision to intervene depends on the patient's expectations and the surgeon's discretion. How is breast reduction performed? Breast reduction surgery begins after general anesthesia has taken effect, involving the removal of excess fat, glandular, and skin tissue by making an incision in the breast starting from the areola. Various methods of intervention depend on the size and characteristics of the breast and can last from 90 minutes to 4 hours and may require a hospital stay of more than a day. General anesthesia involves the use of anesthetics and painkillers, which render the patient unconscious and insensitive to pain. The intervention ends when the breast volume is reduced, incisions are closed, and a small tube is inserted to drain any blood that may accumulate inside. The anesthetist stops administering anesthetics, the patient wakes up, and begins the hospitalization phase. Post-operative care Breast surgery can cause tenderness, swelling, and bruises, which usually subside after painkillers are taken. Discharge typically occurs 1-2 days after the operation, with hospitalization monitored for health conditions. The patient's physician will inform them of check-ups. Recovery periods include the first week, when the breasts feel tender and sore, followed by a gradual fade. Wearing a sports bra for at least 3 weeks is recommended, and lifting heavy objects should be avoided until the 4th week. Pain may occur during movement. Normal bras can be worn between the 4th and 6th week, and the scars will gradually improve, becoming less red. The scars should fade between the 6th and 9th month. Resuming activities should be done within 2-4 weeks, using normal bras for one month, and avoiding driving until the seat belt doesn't cause discomfort.

Many women around the world experience abnormal periods. Some women have excessive blood flow, while others suffer from severe cramps. The regular menstrual cycle can last anywhere from 21 to 35 days, with periods lasting three to seven days. If your periods change in any way, it clearly indicates that your body is malfunctioning. In any case, it is recommended that you see a gynecologist for diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we've gathered five warning signs that your periods are abnormal. 1. Your periods are too heavy Heavy blood flow during periods is a frequent problem that can be pretty bothersome. To avoid leaking, you should take precautions and replace your pads or tampons regularly. However, this is not the major issue because certain medical conditions might cause heavy periods. The most frequent among these include: - Uterine polyps. - Uterine fibroids - Adenomyosis - Thyroid problems - Cancer Because many of these diseases may require exact treatment, it is critical to see a doctor as soon as possible. Moreover, regular and substantial blood loss during periods might cause anemia. This health condition can cause headaches, weakness, and other unpleasant symptoms. 2. You have extremely long periods Regular periods range from two to six days. Longer-than-weekly periods can also be caused by underlying medical disorders such as uterine fibroids, uterine polyps, hypothyroidism, adenomyosis, and PID. It is critical to recognize that your prolonged periods might cause you to lose significant amounts of blood, which can result in anemia. Consult your gynecologist to prevent the underlying disease from worsening and making your periods last longer. Additionally, if any serious symptoms accompany your lengthy periods, you should see a doctor right away. 3. You experience severe pain during periods Mild discomfort and cramps during your period, which are called dysmenorrhea (https://www.Brooklynabortionclinic.nyc/dysmenorrhea-6-reasons-of-your-painful-periods/), are normal since the uterus contracts to get rid of the endometrial lining and blood. This condition is known as primary dysmenorrhea, and it requires no specific treatment other than pain relievers and rest. However, severe cramping that interferes with your daily activity may be a reason for concern. Endometriosis, PCOS, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, adenomyosis, and cervical stenosis are all potential causes of severe period cramps that are known as secondary dysmenorrhea. It is essential to know that these diseases require treatment since they can progress and produce more serious problems. 4. Your periods are too frequent Even though the length of the menstrual cycle varies, periods that recur often might be deemed irregular. If you have two periods in one month, you may have blood loss and anemia. Furthermore, to receive appropriate therapy, it is necessary to understand what medical condition is causing the frequent periods. Endometriosis, thyroid issues, and uterine fibroids can all cause frequent periods. However, frequent periods in a teenager who has just begun menstruation might be considered normal. However, if your menstrual cycle is consistently too short, you should arrange an appointment with the doctor. 5. You have missed periods Some women believe that if they have missed a few periods in a row, they are pregnant. However, pregnancy isn't the only factor that might cause missing periods. There are several reasons why you skipped your period. The most common of them are: - Stress - Excessive exercise - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - Thyroid disorders - Ovarian cysts - Medications - Weight changes. Moreover, perimenopausal and menopausal women may skip a few periods in a row because of hormonal fluctuations. If you have missed periods, schedule an appointment with your doctor as soon as possible. For example, an ectopic pregnancy, which is a life-threatening disease, might cause you to skip periods.

Maintaining healthy eyes is essential for preserving good vision and supporting your overall well-being. Regular eye examinations are a crucial part of this. It is generally recommended that adults have their eyes checked at least once every two years, although your optometrist may suggest a different schedule based on your specific needs. Additionally, certain situations may necessitate an unscheduled visit to a healthcare professional, such as sudden eye pain, symptoms of an eye infection, or experiencing double vision. Here are a few signs that may indicate it's time to schedule an eye appointment: 1. Blurry vision Blurry vision is often a sign of an underlying issue with your eyesight, but it can also signal more serious eye health problems. If you experience a sudden change in your vision or notice it becoming more blurred than usual, it's crucial to consult an eye care professional promptly to identify the cause. While the solution might be as simple as updating your prescription, your optometrist will conduct a thorough examination to rule out conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, or retinal disorders. Ignoring blurry vision can result in increased eye strain and potentially worsen your eyesight, so it's important to seek professional assistance promptly. 2. Persistent headaches Headaches can result from both emotional and physical stress. They may present as a dull ache across the temples or sharp pains around or behind the eyes. Recurring headaches, especially those triggered by activities like reading, working on a computer, or watching TV, could indicate eye strain or underlying vision problems. If you experience persistent headaches, it's essential to consult an eye care professional. These headaches might be symptoms of conditions such as eyestrain, glaucoma, or eye infections. They could also suggest binocular vision issues, such as amblyopia or convergence insufficiency. A qualified eye doctor (https://www.vrmny.com/) can determine whether your headaches are linked to vision problems and recommend appropriate treatment or corrective lenses. 3. Eye fatigue Many individuals spend significant time looking at screens, which often results in eye fatigue. Seasonal allergies and illnesses like the flu can also contribute to tired eyes. However, persistent eye fatigue could signal a more serious concern. If you follow the 20/20/20 rule but still experience frequent strain, it's wise to consult an eye care professional. This fatigue may indicate underlying issues, such as refractive errors or dry eyes, that require professional attention. Regular eye exams can help uncover and address the root causes of eye fatigue, preventing complications and maintaining clear, comfortable vision. 4. Double vision Double vision, also known as diplopia, can occur in one eye (monocular) or both eyes (binocular). Monocular double vision may result from conditions like astigmatism, dry eye, or keratoconus. Since abnormalities in the cornea, lens, retina, nerves, or brain can lead to double vision, it's essential to consult an eye doctor without delay. Binocular double vision occurs when the eyes fail to work together properly. In such cases, individuals may see clearly with either eye alone but experience overlapping images when using both eyes. This happens because the eyes are misaligned, sending slightly different visual inputs to the brain. To identify the root cause of your double vision and explore appropriate treatment options, schedule an appointment with your eye doctor promptly. 5. Flashes, floaters, and spots Flashes, floaters, and spots are common occurrences and are often harmless. These visual phenomena arise when tiny particles of protein or tissue are suspended within the jelly-like substance in the eye's center, known as the vitreous. As we age, the vitreous becomes more liquid, making these particles more noticeable. However, certain floaters—especially those accompanied by flashes of light—may indicate a serious issue, such as a retinal detachment. This condition requires immediate attention. If you experience these symptoms, it is crucial to schedule an emergency appointment with your eye care professional or visit the nearest emergency room. Retinal detachments can often be successfully repaired when treated promptly, but delays in seeking care may result in vision loss or even blindness.

Your day is going well until you notice a dull aching in your temples, which indicates the start of a headache. While headaches can be terrible, they are also fairly frequent, and the majority are not cause for alarm. Common causes of headaches include stress, dehydration, particular meals, and spending too much time staring at electronic devices. While some forms of headaches can be successfully treated with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, others necessitate contact with your physician. Learn about the various types of headaches and how to identify the difference. 1. Tension headaches Tension headaches are the most prevalent type of headache. They typically begin at the back of the head and may be followed by stiffness in the shoulders and neck. Some people describe tension headaches as feeling like a rubber band around their head. You may feel dull, squeezing pain on both sides of your head, almost as if your head is in a vise. The pain may continue from 30 minutes to seven days. OTC pain medicines such as Tylenol (acetaminophen), Advil or Motrin (ibuprofen), and Aleve (naproxen) are usually effective for tension headaches and stiff necks. If tension headaches persist, your doctor may prescribe a stronger pain reliever, such as Naprosyn (naproxen). To prevent tension headaches, doctors may prescribe an antidepressant, typically a tricyclic antidepressant like Elavil (amitriptyline). 2. Sinus headaches These excruciating headaches can seem like the scourge of your existence. Sinus headaches are located in the front of the head and are frequently caused by irritated sinuses or allergies. They can feel like dull pressure behind the eyes. They may also accompany a sinus infection, generally known as sinusitis. You might be surprised to know that a migraine can be mistaken for a sinus headache. Both a sinus headache and a migraine can result in facial pain. Sinus headaches can be treated with decongestants to relieve nasal congestion, but see your doctor or pharmacist first because they may mix with other medications you're taking. You can also use a warm compress for uncomfortable facial areas or use a saline nasal spray to treat sinus headaches. 3. Cluster headaches These episodic, severe headaches usually affect one side of the head (commonly behind the eye or at the temple) and might occur in cycles throughout the day. Cluster headaches usually recur at the same time of day and last for several weeks or months. They can happen multiple times per day and last ranging from 15 minutes to several hours. Cluster headaches are less common than migraines and tension headaches, although they can be quite unpleasant. While the exact etiology of cluster headaches is unknown, some circumstances such as drinking or smoking, strong light, or exercise may provoke them. OTC medications are usually ineffective in cluster headache treatment (https://www.advancedheadachecenter.com/headaches/cluster-headaches), but your doctor may recommend oxygen treatments and sumatriptan nasal sprays. 4. Migraine Migraines are frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. They are not the same in everyone, and symptoms can differ from one individual to the next. Migraines can occur repeatedly, fluctuate in intensity, and last anywhere from a few hours to many days. If you suspect you have a migraine, your doctor will review your medical history and perform a physical that includes a neurological evaluation. They will question how frequently you have symptoms, if you have a family history of migraines, and about your "headache burden," or how many days per month you suffer migraines and how they affect your daily life. 5. Caffeine headaches If you drink coffee regularly and then abruptly stop, you may have withdrawal symptoms, the most frequent of which are headaches. A caffeine headache might start about 12 hours after your last cup of coffee and persist for two to nine days. If you've decided to stop using caffeine, you should do so gradually to lessen your chances of developing a caffeine headache. If you get a headache caused by caffeine withdrawal, over-the-counter pain medicines may help, but be sure they are caffeine-free. Also, try to stay hydrated, since this might help reduce caffeine withdrawal symptoms. When to see a doctor for a headache If your headaches are sporadic, non-life-altering, and occur only a few times each month, over-the-counter drugs are likely to suffice. "If your headaches don't respond to OTC medications and occur three or more times a week, you should talk to your doctor," Dr. Cho advises. Alternatively, if your headaches are causing serious discomfort or interfering with your daily activities, you should consult a doctor.

Vision is one of the most important senses that helps us perceive the world around us. Our eyes are a complex organ that requires mindful care and attention. However, not everyone thinks about the health of their eyes until problems arise. In this article, we have gathered seven important facts about eye health that will help you preserve your vision for many years to come. 1. Dry eye is a common problem among office workers A dry eye is a condition in which the eyes don't produce enough tears or the tear film evaporates too quickly. This can lead to irritation, burning, redness, and a foreign body sensation in the eye. The main causes of this condition are long periods of computer work, infrequent blinking, and the use of air conditioning. To prevent dry eye syndrome, it is recommended to take breaks from work, blink more often, and use moisturizing drops. 2. Gadget overuse can lead to visual fatigue Smartphones, tablets, and computers are an integral part of the modern world. However, prolonged use of gadgets can cause what is known as computer vision syndrome. Symptoms include headaches, eyestrain, blurred vision, and dryness. To avoid these problems, it is recommended to follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break, and look at an object 20 feet away. 3. Sun rays can damage your eyes Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a negative effect on the eyes and contributes to the development of cataracts, retinal degeneration, and other diseases. To protect your eyesight, it is important to wear sunglasses with high UV protection. This is especially true in summer and winter when snow reflects sunlight and increases its effect on the eyes. 4. Poor diet can affect your vision To maintain eye health, it is necessary to eat foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E, as well as zinc and omega-3 fatty acids. Carrots, spinach, fish, nuts, and citrus fruits help maintain visual acuity and protect the retina from age-related changes. A lack of these substances in the diet can lead to visual impairment and an increased risk of eye diseases. 5. Glaucoma is "the silent killer of vision" Glaucoma is a disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which damages the optic nerve. The peculiarity of glaucoma is that it develops unnoticed and is often discovered only in the late stages when significant vision loss has already occurred. The only way to detect glaucoma at an early stage is to visit an eye doctor (https://www.myeyephysicians.com/) regularly, especially if there is a genetic predisposition. 6. Contact lenses require strict hygiene Incorrect use of contact lenses can lead to serious eye infections. It is important to wash your hands thoroughly before putting them on, change the solution regularly, and avoid wearing the lenses for longer than recommended. You should never sleep with lenses unless they are specifically designed for long-term wear, as this increases the risk of infection. 7. Regular eye examinations can help maintain your vision Even if you have no vision problems, visiting your eye doctor at least once a year will help detect hidden problems early. Many eye diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration develop gradually and without obvious symptoms. Early diagnosis can prevent serious complications and preserve vision. The bottom line Eye health requires careful attention and regular care. By following simple rules such as regular computer use, protecting your eyes from the sun, eating right, and visiting your eye doctor regularly, you can maintain good vision for many years. Don't ignore your body's signals and pay attention to your vision, because your eyes are your window to the world and their health directly affects your quality of life.