Egyptian civilization spanned three thousand years, making it twice as long as the Sumerian civilization and four times longer than the Greek civilization, establishing it as a fundamental part of human history. Unlike many other civilizations, it maintained national unity throughout its extensive history. Even in prehistoric times, ancient Egyptians documented their daily activities, creating a phonetic writing system that became the origin of almost all alphabets, as noted by Olaf Berggren in "The Story of Writing." The civilization began with King Menes Narmer uniting the northern and southern kingdoms and establishing Memphis as the capital. Memphis was a major commercial center, a hub for crafts, jewelry, and statues, and is now a UNESCO World Heritage site due to its historical significance. The first and second dynasties ended, and the third dynasty began with engineers like Imhotep, who built the first stone structure in history. In the fifth dynasty, King Sneferu, known for constructing the first pyramid in its current form, emerged. After Sneferu's death, his son Khufu built the world's largest building at that time. Herodotus said, "The pyramids are the greatest achievement ever built by humans." The construction of the pyramids changed history, puzzling people with how 2.3 million stones, each weighing around 2.5 tons, were moved. Even after five thousand years, theories and rumors abound. Napoleon Bonaparte, who came to Egypt with 150 scientists, said, "Everything diminishes in the face of the greatness of the pyramids." The Great Pyramid is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World and is the only one still standing today. American Egyptologist Mark Lehner said, "The Great Pyramid is a symbol of resilience and challenge." British archaeologist George Pantone stated, "The pyramids were built as a symbol of immortality." Egyptians believed they would be resurrected after death, needing a physical body to return to. Thus, the construction of the pyramids represents the pharaohs' quest for immortality. The Old and Middle Kingdoms ended, leading to the Second Intermediate Period under Hyksos occupation. Egyptians, realizing the need for strength to survive, organized an army and expelled the Hyksos under King Ahmose, marking the start of a new era of military glory. Volumes are needed to recount the achievements of each king of this era. Queen Hatshepsut ruled for 22 years, stabilizing the state, establishing diplomatic relations, and founding the Temple of Deir el-Bahari. Many kings followed, but Amenhotep IV, revolutionary in customs, traditions, and arts, stands out. He introduced the worship of the monotheistic god Aten and changed his name to Akhenaten. Despite his efforts, his teachings did not gain wide acceptance. Ramses II, who said, "I am the king of Egypt, I am the sun that lights the world, I am the one who protects his people from injustice and aggression," defeated many enemies and concluded the first peace treaty after the Battle of Kadesh. Ramses II's reign ended, making him the last strong king to maintain the state's stability. Strabo said, "The Egyptians are the world's teachers in arts and sciences." The ancient Egyptians left a legacy of thousands of years in all fields. In medicine, Egyptian doctors were renowned worldwide. When Cyrus, the Emperor of Persia, wanted to develop healthcare, he sought an Egyptian doctor. Will Durant said, "Some medical treatments were transferred from Egyptians to Greeks, to Romans, and to us. We still use many medicines prepared by the Egyptians on the Nile." In engineering, the pyramids showcase Egyptian excellence, which Durant considered the highest until the European Industrial Revolution. The moral achievements of Egyptians are perhaps their greatest legacy. According to sources, there was no police force imposing laws, yet the ancient Egyptian maintained civilization and discipline for thousands of years. This was due to families raising children on virtues and schools. It makes one wonder if modern civilization, with its advanced technology, is more civilized than those who lived 5000 years ago. Finally, Egypt never viewed any civilization as an enemy or a threat. The ancient Egyptian believed that preserving his homeland was not just with weapons but by maintaining the nation's identity, leading to excellence in all fields.